1.  Transference

Definition  : it is the process of transferring an SL word to a TL text. It includes transliteration and is the same as what Harvey  (2000:5) named   "transcription."

Example : Myanmar = Myanmar

                     Australia = Australia

2. Naturalization

Definition  : it adapts the SL word first to the normal pronunciation, then to  the normal morphology of the TL. (Newmark, 1988b:82)

Example : Geography = Geografi

3.  Cultural Equivalent

Definition : it means replacing a cultural word in the SL with a TL one. however,  "they are not accurate" (Newmark, 1988b:83)

Example :

4.  Functional Equivalent

Definition  : it requires the use of a culture-neutral word. (Newmark, 1988b:83)

Example   :

5.  Descriptive Equivalent

Definition  :  in this procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained in several words.  (Newmark, 1988b:83)

Example : Imlek = Chinese’s New Year

6.  Componential Analysis

Definition  : it means "comparing an SL word with a TL word which has a similar meaning but is not an obvious one-to-one equivalent, by demonstrating first their common and then their differing sense components." (Newmark,  1988b:114)

Example   : on= di atas

                   in= di dalam

7.  Synonymy    

Defintion   :  it is a "near TL equivalent." Here economy trumps accuracy. (Newmark, 1988b:84)

Example : white = pure

8.  Through-Translation

Definition  : it is the literal translation of common collocations, names of  organizations and components of compounds. It can also be called: calque or loan translation. (Newmark, 1988b:84)

Example   : Normal School = Sekolah Normal

9.  Shifts or transpositions

Definition  :  it involves a change in the grammar from SL to TL, for instance, (i) change from singular to plural, (ii) the change required when a specific  SL structure does not exist in the TL,(iii) change of an SL verb to a TL word, change of an SL noun  group to a TL noun and so forth. (Newmark, 1988b:86) 

Example : books = buku-buku

10. Modulation

Definition  : it occurs when the translator reproduces the message of the  original text in the TL text in conformity with the current  norms of the TL, since the SL and the TL may appear dissimilar in  terms of perspective. (Newmark, 1988b:88)

Can you hand me back to the person I was speaking to before?

                                à Bisa berikan teleponnya pada pria yang tadi bicara denganku?

11.  Recognized Translation

Definition  :  it occurs when the translator "normally uses the official or the generally accepted translation of any institutional term."  (Newmark, 1988b:89)

Example   :

12.       Compensation

Definition  : it occurs when loss of meaning in one part of a sentence is compensated in another part.(Newmark, 1988b:90)

Example   : Vengeance is mine = saatnya balas dendam

13.       Paraphrase

Definition  :  in this procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained. Here  the explanation is much more detailed than that of descriptive equivalent. (Newmark, 1988b:91)

Example   :

14.       Couplets

Definition  :  it occurs when the translator combines two differentprocedures. (Newmark, 1988b:91)

Example   : supermarket = pasar swalayan

15.  Note

Definition  :  Additional information in a translation. (Newmark, 1988b:91)

Example   : 

IDIOMATIC TRANSLATION 

1. A cold blooded murderer = pembunuh berdarah dingin

2. A still tongue keeps a wise head = Orang yang bijaksana adalah orang yang tidak banyak bicara.

3. Every cloud has a silver lining = badai pasti berlalu

4. Looking through a haystack to find a needle = mencari sebuah jarum dalam tumpukan jerami

5. Kill two birds with one stone = sekali dayung dua tiga pulau terlampaui

6. Your own flesh and blood = darah dagingmu sendiri

 

PRAGMATIC AND ETHNOGRAPHIC TRANSLATION

1.                 PRAGMATIC TRANSLATION

Usage : apply regularly, after bathing, and repeat if necessary. For best results avoid direct exposure from the sun, even when using a sunscreen containing product. If irritation occurs, discontinue application, consult your doctor.

Cara pakai : gunakan  secara teratur, setelah mandi, dan setiap diperlukan. Untuk hasil maksimal hindari paparan langsung sinar matahari, walaupun pakai produk bertabir surya. Bila terjadi iritasi, hentikan pemakaian, segera konsultasi ke dokter.

Translation technique :

The translater use literal technique because it translated word by word.   

2. ETHNOGRAPHIC TRANSLATION

this translation use reduction because sentence “printing date ticket machine used in three different period of time” and the translate is Mesin Cetak Tanggal Karcis di tiga periode 

Aesthetic-Poetic and Linguistic Translation

1. Aesthetic-Poetic

A poem by John Hollander “Swan and Shadow” was translated by Effendi Kadarisman

1)    Dusk. Above the water hang the loud files. Here. O so gray then. What? A pale signal will

appear. When? Soon before its shadow fades. Where? Here in this pool of opened eye. In us. No. Upon us. As at the very edges of where we take shape in the dark air, this object bares its image awakening ripples of recognition that will brush darkness up into light.

Below is an Indonesian translation (by Effendi Kadarisman):

2)     Senja. Di atas air mengambang karang kenangan. Di sini. O begitu kelabu saat itu. Apa?

Sebuah tanda putih-pasi akan mengada. Kapan? Segera sebelum lenyap bayang bayangnya. Di mana? Di sini, di kolam cendera mata. Di dalam diri kita. Tidak. Di atas kita. Ketika di ujung paling-sana kita menjati-diri pada rembang cuaca, wujud ini muncul seakan citra bangun-terbuka riak kenal-sua yang akan mengusir gelap ke dalam cahaya

Analysis

Effendi Kadarisman translated this poem mostly use literal technique because the writer translated the poem word by word. the poem is translatable linguistically, but not topographically. This is probably due to the fact that many monosyllabic words in the English original are replaced by bisyllabic or trisyllabic

words in the Indonesian translation.

2. Linguistic Translation

Television (TV) is a telecommunication medium that is used for transmitting and receiving moving images and sound. Television can transmit images that are monochrome (black-and-white), in color or in three dimensions.Television may also refer specifically to a television set, television program or television transmission. First commercially available in very crude form on an experimental basis in the late 1920s, then popularized in greatly improved form shortly after World War II, the television set has become commonplace in homes, businesses and institutions, particularly as a vehicle for entertainment, advertising and news. In the mid-1960s, color broadcasting and sales of color television sets surged in the US and began in most other developed countries. The availability of storage media such as VHS (mid-1970s), laserdiscs (1978), Video CDs (1993), DVDs (1997), and high-definition Blu-ray Discs (2006) enabled viewers to use the television set to watch recorded material such as movies and broadcast material. Since 2010s, Internet television has seen the rise of television programming available via the Internet through services such as iPlayer,Hulu, and Netflix.

Televisi adalah sebuah media telekomunikasi terkenal yang berfungsi sebagai penerima siaran gambar bergerak beserta suara, baik itu yang monokrom (hitam-putih) maupun berwarna. Penggunaan kata "Televisi" sendiri juga dapat merujuk kepada "kotak televisi", "acara televisi", ataupun "transmisi televisi". Penemuan televisi disejajarkan dengan penemuan roda, karena penemuan ini mampu mengubah peradaban dunia. Kotak televisi pertama kali dijual secara komersial sejak tahun 1920-an, dan sejak saat itu televisi telah menjadi barang biasa di rumah, kantor bisnis, maupun institusi, khususnya sebagai sumber kebutuhan akan hiburan dan berita serta menjadi media periklanan. Sejak1970-an, kemunculan kaset video, cakram laser, DVD dan kini cakram Blu-ray, juga menjadikan kotak televisi sebagai alat untuk untuk melihat materi siaran serta hasil rekaman. Dalam tahun-tahun terakhir, siaran televisi telah dapat diakses melalui Internet, misalnya melalui iPlayer dan Hulu.

Analysis

The translation above use literal technique and word for word. It is concerned with equivalent meanings of the Source Language and grammatical form. In this translation also use borrowing technique such as words internet, iPlayer, Hulu, monochrome, DVD. Not only literal and borrowing technique but also use reduction technique. 

Definisi 1

“Translation consists of reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalence of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.”

 Terjemahan terdiri dari memproduksi kembali persamaan alami yang terdekat dari pesan bahasa sumber ke dalam bahasa penerima, pertama dalam hal makna dan yang kedua dalam gaya.

Definisi 2

“Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL).”

Terjemahan adalah Pergantian dari materi textual dari satu bahasa, oleh persamaan materi textual ke dalam bahasa yang lain.

Definisi 3

“Translation is transferring the meaning of the source language into the receptor language. This is done by going from the form of the first language to the form of a second language by way of semantic structure. It is meaning which is being transferred and must be held constant.”

Terjemahan adalah perpindahan makna dari bahasa sumber ke dalam bahasa penerima. Hal ini dilakukan dengan berangkat dari bentuk bahasa pertamake dalam bahasa kedua dengan cara struktur makna. Itu adalah makna yang dipindahkan dan harus tetap.

Definisi 4

“Translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text.”

Terjemahan adalah mengalihkan makna kata ke dalam bahasa lain dengan cara yang di harapkan oleh pengarang dalam teks

Definisi 5

“Translation involves the transfer of ‘meaning’ contained in one set of language signs into another set of language through competent use of the dictionary and grammar, the process involves a whole set of extra linguistic criteria also.”

Terjemahan meliputi pengalihan dari makna yang terdapat dalam satu kumpulan tanda bahasa ke dalam satu kumpulan tanda bahasa yang lain melalui kemampuan kegunaan bahasa dan tata bahasa, proses tersebut juga meliputi seluruh kumpulan kriteria ekstralinguistik.

Definisi 6

“Translation is the replacement of a representation of a text in one language by a representation of an equivalent text in a second language.”

Terjemahan adalah penggantian gambaran dari sebuah teks pada satu bahasa oleh gambaran dari sebuah kesamaan teks pada bahasa kedua.

Definisi 7

“Translation is a kind of activity which inevitably involves at least two languages and two cultural traditions.”

Terjemahan adalah semacam aktivitas yang meliputi minimal dua bahasa dan dua tradisi budaya yang tidak dapat diacuhkan.

Definisi 8

“Translation can be seen as (co) generation of texts under specific constraints that is relative stability of some situational factors and, therefore, register, and classically, change of language and (context of) culture.”

Terjemahan dapat dilihat sebagai penghasil teks dibawah kendala tertentu yang relatif stabil dari beberapa faktor keadaan dan, oleh karena itu, menunjukkan, dengan sederhana, perubahan dari bahasa dan konteks budaya.